To arrive at the edge of the world's knowledge, seek out the most complex and sophisticated minds, put them in a room together, and have them ask each other the questions they are asking themselves.
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2018 : WHAT IS THE LAST QUESTION? [1]

In the News [ 12 ] [2]
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Contributors [ 284 ] [3]   |   View All Responses [ 284 ] [4]

2018 : WHAT IS THE LAST QUESTION? [1]

[5]
Scott Aaronson [5]
David J. Bruton Centennial Professor of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin; Author, Quantum Computing Since Democritus
The Last Question [6]

 

Can we program a computer to find a 10,000-bit string that encodes more actionable wisdom than any human has ever expressed? 

 

  

[7]
Anthony Aguirre [7]
Professor of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz; Author, Cosmological Koans
The Last Question [8]

 

Are complex biological neural systems fundamentally unpredictable? 

 

   

[9]
Dorsa Amir [9]
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Boston College
The Last Question [10]

 

Are the simplest bits of information in the brain stored at the level of the neuron?

 

   

[11]
Chris Anderson [11]
CEO, 3D Robotics; Founder, DIY Drones
The Last Question [12]

 

How can we put rational prices on human lives without becoming inhuman?

 

   

[13]
Ross Anderson [13]
Professor of Security Engineering at Cambridge University
The Last Question [14]

 

How will we build the tools to maintain the software in long-lived online devices that can kill us?

 

   

[15]
Alun Anderson [15]
Senior Consultant (and former Editor-in-Chief and Publishing Director), New Scientist; Author, After the Ice
The Last Question [16]

 

Are people who cheat vital to driving progress in human societies?

 

   

[17]
Samuel Arbesman [17]
Complexity Scientist; Scientist in Residence at Lux Capital; Author, Overcomplicated
The Last Question [18]

 

How do we best build a civilization that is galvanized by long-term thinking?

 

   

[19]
Dan Ariely [19]
James B. Duke ProfessorProfessor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics, Duke University; Founding Member, Center for Advanced Hindsight; Author, Predictably Irrational
The Last Question [20]

 

How would changes in the marginal tax rate affect our efforts and motivation?

 

   

[21]
Noga Arikha [21]
Historian of ideas; Author, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours
The Last Question [22]

 

Will it ever be possible for us to transcend our limited experience of time as linear?

 

   

[23]
W. Brian Arthur [23]
External Professor, Santa Fe Institute; Visiting Researcher, Intelligent Systems Lab, PARC; Inaugural Recipient, Lagrange Prize; Author, The Nature of Technology
The Last Question [24]

 

Does consciousness reside only in our brains?

 

   

[25]
Scott Atran [25]
Anthropologist, Research Director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jean Nicod, Paris, Co-Founder, Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict, University of Oxford; Author, Talking to the Enemy
The Last Question [26]

 

How can science best leverage unreason to overcome the heroic passion for war?

 

   

[27]
Joscha Bach [27]
Cognitive Scientist, MIT Media Lab, Harvard Program for Evolutionary Dynamics
The Last Question [28]

 

What is the optimal algorithm for discovering truth?

 

   

[29]
Mahzarin Banaji [29]
Department Chair; Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics, Department of Psychology, Harvard University; Co-author (with Anthony Greenwald), Blind Spot
The Last Question [30]

 

Will the appearance of new species of talented computational intelligence result in improving the moral behavior of persons and societies?

 

   

[31]
Simon Baron-Cohen [31]
Professor of Developmental Psychopathology, University of Cambridge; Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge; Director, Autism Research Centre, Cambridge; Author, Zero Degrees of Empathy
The Last Question [32]

 

Can we re-design our education system based on the principle of neurodiversity?

 

   

[33]
Lisa Feldman Barrett [33]
University Distinguished Professor of Psychology, Northeastern University; Research Neuroscientist, Massachusetts General Hospital; Lecturer in Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Author, How Emotions Are Made
The Last Question [34]

 

How does a single human brain architecture create many kinds of human minds?

 

   

[35]
Andrew Barron [35]
Neuroethologist, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University
The Last Question [36]

 

What would a diagram that gave a complete understanding of imagination need to be?

 

   

[37]
Thomas A. Bass [37]
Professor of English and Journalism, State University of New York, Albany; Author of The Eudaemonic Pie and The Spy Who Loved US
The Last Question [38]

 

What libraries will we have to build when cloning becomes infinitely expandable?

 

   

[39]
Mary Catherine Bateson [39]
Professor Emerita, George Mason University; Visiting Scholar, Sloan Center on Aging & Work, Boston College; Author, Composing a Further Life
The Last Question [40]

 

Will the process of discovery be completed in any of the natural sciences?

 

   

[41]
Gregory Benford [41]
Emeritus Professor of Physics and Astronomy, UC-Irvine; Novelist, The Berlin Project
The Last Question [42]

 

What is the hard limit on human longevity?

 

   

[43]
Laura Betzig [43]
Anthropologist; Historian
The Last Question [44]

 

Will we ever live together in a hive?

 

   

[45]
Susan Blackmore [45]
Psychologist; Visiting Professor, University of Plymouth; Author, Consciousness: An Introduction
The Last Question [46]

 

What kinds of minds could solve the mind-body problem?

 

   

[47]
Alan S. Blinder [47]
Gordon S. Rentschler Memorial Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University; Author, Advice and Dissent
The Last Question [48]

 

Will AI make the Luddites (mostly) right?

 

   

[49]
Paul Bloom [49]
Brooks and Suzanne Ragen Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Yale University; Author, Against Empathy
The Last Question [50]

 

Why are we so often kind to strangers when nobody is watching and we have nothing to gain?

 

 

   

[51]
Giulio Boccaletti [51]
Chief Strategy Officer of The Nature Conservancy
The Last Question [52]

 

How much biodiversity do we need?

 

   

[53]
Ian Bogost [53]
Ivan Allen College Distinguished Chair in Media Studies and Professor of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology; Founding Partner, Persuasive Games LLC; Contributing Editor, The Atlantic
The Last Question [54]

 

Is there a way for humans to directly experience what it’s like to be another entity?

 

   

[55]
Joshua Bongard [55]
Cyril G. Veinott Green and Gold Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont Author, How the Body Shapes the Way We Think
The Last Question [56]

 

Will a machine ever be able to feel what an organism feels?

 

   

[57]
Nick Bostrom [57]
Professor, Oxford University; Director, Future of Humanity Institute; Author, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
The Last Question [58]

 

Which questions should we not ask and not try to answer?

 

   

[59]
Stewart Brand [59]
Founder, the Whole Earth Catalog; Co-founder, The Well; Co-Founder, The Long Now Foundation, and Revive & Restore; Author, Whole Earth Discipline
The Last Question [60]

 

Can wild animals that are large and dangerous be made averse to threatening humans?

 

   

[61]
Rodney A. Brooks [61]
Panasonic Professor of Robotics (emeritus); Former Director, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (1997-2007); Founder, CTO, Robust.AI; Author, Flesh and Machines
The Last Question [62]

 

Can consciousness exist in an entity without a self-contained physical body?

 

   

[63]
David M. Buss [63]
Professor of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin; Author, The Dangerous Passion
The Last Question [64]

 

Will scientific advances about the causes of sexual conflict help to end the "battle of the sexes"?

 

   

[65]
Philip Campbell [65]
Editor-in-Chief of Nature since 1995; Beginning summer 2018, he will become Editor-in-Chief of Springer Nature’s portfolio of journals, books and magazines
The Last Question [66]

 

How do I describe the achievements, meanings, and power of Beethoven's piano sonata “Appassionata”?

 

   

[67]
Jimena Canales [67]
Writer and faculty at the Graduate College, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; Author, The Physicist and the Philosopher
The Last Question [68]

 

When will we accept that the most accurate clocks will have to advance regularly sometimes, irregularly most of the time, and at times run counterclockwise?

 

   

[69]
Christopher Chabris [69]
Senior Investigator, Geisinger Health System; Visiting Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Toulouse, France; Co-author, The Invisible Gorilla
The Last Question [70]

 

How complex must be the initial design of the simplest machine that can learn from experience to achieve, at a minimum, the intelligence and abilities of a typical human being?

 

   

[71]
David Chalmers [71]
Professor, Philosophy & Neural Science; Co-Director, Center for Mind, Brain, & Consciousness, NYU; Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Australian National U.
The Last Question [72]

 

How can we design a machine that can correctly answer every question, including this one?

 

   

[73]
Leo M. Chalupa [73]
Neurobiologist; Professor of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University
The Last Question [74]

 

What new methodology will be required to explain the neural basis of consciousness?

 

   

[75]
Ashvin Chhabra [75]
Investor, Physicist, Author: The Aspirational Investor
The Last Question [76]

 

Is there a fundamental difference between the biological world and the physical world?

 

   

[77]
Jaeweon Cho [77]
Professor of Environmental Engineering, UNIST; Director, Science Walden Center
The Last Question [78]

 

Can we design a modern society without money which is at least as effective economically and politically as our current system?

 

   

[79]
Nicholas A. Christakis [79]
Sterling Professor of Social and Natural Science, Yale University; Co-author, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives
The Last Question [80]

 

Will some things about life, consciousness, and society necessarily remain unseen?

 

   

[81]
Brian Christian [81]
Author, The Most Human Human; Co-author (with Tom Griffiths), Algorithms to Live By
The Last Question [82]

 

Is the unipolar future of a "singleton" the inevitable destiny of intelligent life?

 

   

[83]
David Christian [83]
Director, Big History Institute and Distinguished Professor in History, Macquarie University, Sydney; Author, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History
The Last Question [84]

 

Will we pass our audition as planetary managers?

 

   

[85]
George Church [85]
Professor, Harvard University; Director, Personal Genome Project; Co-author (with Ed Regis), Regenesis
The Last Question [86]

 

What will we do as an encore once we manage to develop technological solutions to infection, aging, poverty, asteroids, and heat death of the universe?

 

   

[87]
Andy Clark [87]
Professor of Cognitive Philosophy, Department of Philosophy and Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Author, Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind
The Last Question [88]

 

Will we soon cease to care whether we are experiencing normal, augmented, or virtual reality?

 

   

[89]
Julia Clarke [89]
John A. Wilson Professor and HHMI Professor, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin
The Last Question [90]

 

What would comprise the most precise and complete sonic representation of the history of life?

 

   

[91]
Tyler Cowen [91]
Holbert L. Harris Chair of Economics, George Mason University; Distinguished Senior Fellow, F. A. Hayek Program for Advanced Study in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics; General Director, Mercatus Center
The Last Question [92]

 

How far are we from wishing to return to the technologies of the year 1900?

 

   

[93]
Jerry A. Coyne [93]
Professor Emeritus, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago; Author, Why Evolution is True; Faith Versus Fact: Why Science and Religion are Incompatible.
The Last Question [94]

 

If science does in fact confirm that we lack free will, what are the implications for our notions of blame, punishment, reward, and moral responsibility?

 

   

[95]
James Croak [95]
Artist
The Last Question [96]

 

Why do we experience feelings of meaning in a universe without purpose?

 

   

[97]
Molly Crockett [97]
Assistant Professor of Psychology, Yale University; Distinguished Research Fellow, Oxford Centre for Neuroethics
The Last Question [98]

 

Is technology changing the nature of moral emotions?

 

   

[99]
Helena Cronin [99]
Co-director of LSE's Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science; Author, The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today
The Last Question [100]

 

Can natural selection's legacy of sex differences in values be reconciled with the universal values of the Enlightenment?

 

   

[101]
Oliver Scott Curry [101]
Senior Researcher, Director, The Oxford Morals Project, Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford
The Last Question [102]

 

Why be good?

 

   

[103]
David Dalrymple [103]
Research affiliate, MIT Media Lab
The Last Question [104]

 

Could the thermodynamic prophecy of an increasingly entropic universe be fulfilled by the cosmic flourishing of intelligent life?

 

   

[105]
Kate Darling [105]
Research Specialist, MIT Media Lab; Fellow, Harvard Berkman Center
The Last Question [106]

 

What future progressive norms would most forward-thinking people today dismiss as too transgressive?

 

   

[107]
Luca De Biase [107]
Journalist; Editor, Nova 24, of Il Sole 24 Ore
The Last Question [108]

 

If we want to make a real and effective science-based policy, should we change politics or science?

 

   

[109]
Stanislas Dehaene [109]
Neuroscientist; Collège de France, Paris; Author, Consciousness and the Brain
The Last Question [110]

 

Is our brain fundamentally limited in its ability to understand the external world?

 

   

[111]
Daniel C. Dennett [111]
Philosopher; Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, Co-Director, Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University; Author, From Bacteria to Bach and Back
The Last Question [112]

 

How can an aggregation of trillions of selfish, myopic cells discover the unwitting teamwork that turns that dynamic clump into a person who can love, notice, wonder, and keep a promise?

 

   

[113]
Emanuel Derman [113]
Professor, Financial Engineering, Columbia University; Author, Models.Behaving.Badly
The Last Question [114]

 

Are accurate mathematical theories of individual human behavior possible?

 

   

[115]
David Deutsch [115]
Physicist, University of Oxford; Author, The Beginning of Infinity; Recipient, Edge Computation Science Prize
The Last Question [116]

 

Are the ways qualia relate to computation, creativity to free will, risk to probability, morality to epistemology, all the same question?

 

   

[117]
Keith Devlin [117]
Mathematician; Executive Director, H-STAR Institute, Stanford; Author, Finding Fibonacci
The Last Question [118]

 

Can we develop a procedure that, in principle, would tell us whether or not our universe is a simulation (analogous to the way the now proven Poincaré Conjecture can tell us the universe’s shape)?

 

   

[119]
Jared Diamond [119]
Professor of Geography, University of California Los Angeles; Author, Upheaval
The Last Question [120]

 

Why is there such widespread public opposition to science and scientific reasoning in the United States, the world leader in every major branch of science?

 

   

[121]
Chris DiBona [121]
Open Source and Public Sector, Google
The Last Question [122]

 

Will a computer ever really understand and experience human kindness?

 

   

[123]
Rolf Dobelli [123]
Founder, Zurich Minds; Journalist; Author, The Art of Thinking Clearly
The Last Question [124]

 

Does this question exist in a parallel universe?

 

   

[125]
P. Murali Doraiswamy [125]
Professor of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Division, Duke University Health System
The Last Question [126]

 

How will we know if we achieve universal happiness?

 

   

[127]
Freeman Dyson [127]
Physicist
The Last Question [128]

 

Is it ultimately possible for life to bend the shape of the universe to fit life's purposes, as we are now bending the shape of our environment here on earth?

 

   

[129]
George Dyson [129]
Science Historian ; Author, Turing’s Cathedral; Darwin Among the Machines
The Last Question [130]

 

Why are there no trees in the ocean?

 

   

[131]
David M. Eagleman [131]
Neuroscientist, Stanford University; Author, Incognito, Sum, The Brain
The Last Question [132]

 

Can we create new senses for humans—not just touch, taste, vision, hearing, smell, but totally novel qualia for which we don't yet have words?

 

   

[133]
David Edelman [133]
Neuroscientist; Guest Investigator, Dartmouth College
The Last Question [134]

 

Will we ever be replaced by another earthly species capable of evolving to a similar degree of social and technical sophistication that effectively fills the biocultural niche we vacated?

 

   

[135]
Nick Enfield [135]
Professor and Chair, Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney; Author, How We Talk
The Last Question [136]

 

Is the cumulation of shared knowledge forever constrained by the limits of human language?

 

   

[137]
Brian Eno [137]
Artist; Composer; Recording Producer: U2, Coldplay, Talking Heads, Paul Simon; Recording Artist
The Last Question [138]

 

Have we left the Age of Reason, never to return?

 

   

[139]
Juan Enriquez [139]
Managing Director, Excel Venture Management; Co-author (with Steve Gullans), Evolving Ourselves
The Last Question [140]

 

So, before The Singularity...?

 

   

[141]
Dylan Evans [141]
Founder and CEO of Projection Point; Author, The Utopia Experiment
The Last Question [142]

 

Will civilization collapse before I die?

 

   

[143]
Daniel L. Everett [143]
Linguistic Researcher; Dean of Arts and Sciences, Bentley University; Author, How Language Began
The Last Question [144]

 

Will humans ever embrace their own diversity?

 

   

[145]
Christine Finn [145]
Archaeologist; Journalist; Author, Artifacts, Past Poetic
The Last Question [146]

 

Is there a place for our past in our future?

 

   

[147]
Stuart Firestein [147]
Professor and Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University; Fellow, AAAS
The Last Question [148]

 

How many incommensurable ideas can we hold in our mind simultaneously?

 

   

[149]
Helen Fisher [149]
Biological Anthropologist, Rutgers University; Author, Why Him? Why Her? How to Find and Keep Lasting Love
The Last Question [150]

 

What will courtship, mate selection, length of marriages, and family composition and networks be like when we are all living over 150 years?

 

   

[151]
Steve Fuller [151]
Philosopher; Auguste Comte Chair in Social Epistemology, University of Warwick; Author, The Proactionary Imperative: A Foundation for Transhumanism
The Last Question [152]

 

Can we design a common test to assess machine, animal and human intelligence?

 

   

[153]
Howard Gardner [153]
Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education; Author, Truth, Beauty, and Goodness Reframed
The Last Question [154]

 

Will the "third culture" be followed by a fourth culture, a fifth culture, and, ominously, a Final Culture?

 

   

[155]
David C. Geary [155]
Curators’ Professor, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia
The Last Question [156]

 

Is there a single, evolved biological mechanism that can be tweaked to improve overall health, cognitive abilities, and slow aging?

 

   

[157]
James Geary [157]
Deputy Curator, Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard; Author, Wit's End
The Last Question [158]

 

Why is the phenomenon too familiar to investigate the hardest thing to completely understand?

 

   

[159]
Amanda Gefter [159]
Physics writer; Author, Trespassing on Einstein's Lawn
The Last Question [160]

 

Is intersubjectivity possible in a quantum mechanical universe?

 

   

[161]
Neil Gershenfeld [161]
Physicist, Director, MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms; Co-author, Designing Reality
The Last Question [162]

 

Is there a Turing test for living rather than thinking that can distinguish animate from automata?

 

   

[163]
Asif A. Ghazanfar [163]
Professor of Neuroscience, Psychology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University
The Last Question [164]

 

What behaviors are we attributing only to brain mechanisms that may be better explained by considering biomechanics?

 

   

[165]
Steve Giddings [165]
Theoretical Physicist; Professor, Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara
The Last Question [166]

 

Is there a single theory of all physics (TOP), and what is it?

 

   

[167]
Gerd Gigerenzer [167]
Psychologist; Director, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Max Planck Institute for Human Development; Author, Risk Savvy
The Last Question [168]

 

Can human intuition ever be reduced to an algorithm?

 

   

[169]
Bruno Giussani [169]
European Director and Global Curator, TED
The Last Question [170]

 

How much time will pass between the last minute before artificial superintelligence and the first minute after it?

 

   

[171]
Joel Gold [171]
Psychiatrist; Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine; Coauthor (with Ian Gold), Suspicious Minds
The Last Question [172]

 

Can we acquire complete access to our unconscious minds?

 

   

[173]
Nigel Goldenfeld [173]
Physicist, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The Last Question [174]

 

Is it possible to control a system capable of evolving?

 

   

[175]
Rebecca Newberger Goldstein [175]
Philosopher, Novelist; Recipient, 2014 National Humanities Medal; Author, Plato at the Googleplex; 36 Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction
The Last Question [176]

 

If we're not the agents of ourselves (and it's hard to see how we can be), how can we make sense of moral accountability (and how can we live coherently without it)?

 

   

[177]
Daniel Goleman [177]
Psychologist; Author (with Richard Davidson), Altered Traits
The Last Question [178]

 

Is there a subtle form of consciousness that operates independent of brain function?

 

   

[179]
Alison Gopnik [179]
Psychologist, UC, Berkeley; Author, The Gardener and the Carpenter
The Last Question [180]

 

How can the few pounds of grey goo between our ears let us make utterly surprising, completely unprecedented, and remarkably true discoveries about the world around us, in every domain and at every scale, from quarks to quasars?

 

   

[181]
John Gottman [181]
Psychologist; Co-founder, The Gottman Relationship Institute; Author, The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work
The Last Question [182]

 

Will a comprehensive mathematics of human behavior ever be created?

 

   

[183]
Jonathan Gottschall [183]
Distinguished Research Fellow, English Department, Washington & Jefferson College; Author, The Storytelling Animal
The Last Question [184]

 

Are stories bad for us?

 

   

[185]
William Grassie [185]
Interdisciplinary Scholar; Author, The New Sciences of Religion
The Last Question [186]

 

What knowledge and know-how are our descendants at risk of forgetting as our species passes through future evolutionary bottlenecks?

 

   

[187]
Kurt Gray [187]
Associate Professor of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Co-author (with Daniel Wegner), The Mind Club
The Last Question [188]

 

What will happen to human love when we can design the perfect robot lover?

 

   

[189]
A. C. Grayling [189]
Master of the New College of the Humanities; Supernumerary Fellow, St Anne's College, Oxford; Author, War: An Enquiry
The Last Question [190]

 

What ethical responsibilities will humans owe to AGI systems?

 

   

[191]
Tom Griffiths [191]
Henry R. Luce Professor of Information Technology, Consciousness and Culture, Director of the Computational Cognitive Science Lab, Princeton University; Co-author (with Brian Christian), Algorithms to Live By
The Last Question [192]

 

What new cognitive abilities will we need to live in a world of intelligent machines?

 

   

[193]
June Gruber [193]
Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder
The Last Question [194]

 

What is the upper limit for how malleable the human mind and our emotions can actually be?

 

   

[195]
Jonathan Haidt [195]
Social Psychologist; Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, New York University Stern School of Business; Author, The Righteous Mind
The Last Question [196]

 

Why is it so hard to find the truth?

 

   

[197]
David Haig [197]
George Putnam Professor of Biology, Harvard University; Author, Genomic Imprinting and Kinship
The Last Question [198]

 

What will be the use of 99% of humanity for the 1%?

 

   

[199]
Hans Halvorson [199]
Professor of Philosophy, Princeton University
The Last Question [200]

 

Is scientific knowledge the most valuable possession of humanity?

 

   

[201]
Timo Hannay [201]
Founding Managing Director, SchoolDash; Co-organizer, Sci Foo Camp
The Last Question [202]

 

Why do we get to ask questions at all?

 

   

[203]
Judith Rich Harris [203]
Independent Investigator and Theoretician; Author, The Nurture Assumption; No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality
The Last Question [204]

 

How could one last question possibly be enough?

 

   

[205]
Sam Harris [205]
Neuroscientist; Philosopher; Author, Waking Up
The Last Question [206]

 

Is the actual all that is possible?

 

   

[207]
Daniel Haun [207]
Professor of Early Child Development and Culture, Director, Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Leipzig University
The Last Question [208]

 

Which facets of life will we never understand once biological and cultural diversity has vanished?

 

   

[209]
Marti Hearst [209]
Computer Scientist, UC Berkeley, School of Information; Author, Search User Interfaces
The Last Question [210]

 

Will reading and writing survive given the seduction of video and audio?

 

   

[211]
Dirk Helbing [211]
Professor of Computational Social Science, ETH Zurich; TU Delft, The Netherlands
The Last Question [212]

 

What does it mean to be human?

 

   

[213]
César Hidalgo [213]
Associate Professor, MIT Media Lab; Author, Why Information Grows
The Last Question [214]

 

When will we replace governments with algorithms?

 

   

[215]
Roger Highfield [215]
Director, External Affairs, Science Museum Group; Co-author (with Martin Nowak), SuperCooperators
The Last Question [216]

 

Will a baby grown from an embryo constructed from human stem cells eventually become a person?

 

   

[217]
W. Daniel Hillis [217]
Physicist, Computer Scientist, Co-Founder, Applied Invention.; Author, The Pattern on the Stone
The Last Question [218]

 

What is the principle that causes complex adaptive systems (life, organisms, minds, societies) to spontaneously emerge from the interaction of simpler elements (chemicals, cells, neurons, individual humans)?

 

   

[219]
Michael Hochberg [219]
Evolutionist, CNRS, Santa Fe Institute, Institute for Advanced Study Toulouse
The Last Question [220]

 

Will humanity eventually exhaust the unknown?

 

   

[221]
Donald D. Hoffman [221]
Cognitive Scientist, UC, Irvine; Author, Visual Intelligence
The Last Question [222]

 

Why is it that the maximum information we can pack into a region of space does not depend on the volume of the region, but only on the area that bounds it?

 

   

[223]
Bruce Hood [223]
Chair of Developmental Psychology in Society, University of Bristol; Author, The Self-Illusion, Founder of Speakezee
The Last Question [224]

 

What would the mind of a child raised in total isolation of other animals be like?

 

   

[225]
Daniel Hook [225]
CEO, Digital Science
The Last Question [226]

 

Does every mathematical symmetry have a manifestation in the physical world?

 

   

[227]
John Horgan [227]
Director, Center for Science Writings, Stevens Institute of Technology
The Last Question [228]

 

What will it take to end war once and for all?

 

   

[229]
Sabine Hossenfelder [229]
Research Fellow, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
The Last Question [230]

 

How can we separate the assessment of scientific evidence from value judgments?

 

   

[231]
Nicholas Humphrey [231]
Emeritus Professor of Psychology, London School of Economics; Visiting Professor of Philosophy, New College of the Humanities; Senior Member, Darwin College, Cambridge; Author, Soul Dust
The Last Question [232]

 

Why is the world so beautiful?

 

   

[233]
Marco Iacoboni [233]
Neuroscientist; Professor of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Author, Mirroring People
The Last Question [234]

 

How does a thought become a feeling?

 

   

[235]
Isabel Behncke Izquierdo [235]
Primatologist; Associate Professor, Social Complexity Research Centre (CICS) Gobierno UDD, Santiago de Chile; Visiting Researcher, Social and Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group (SENRG) University of Oxford
The Last Question [236]

 

What is the biological price of being a species with a sense of humor?

 

   

[237]
Nina Jablonski [237]
Biological Anthropologist and Paleobiologist; Evan Pugh University Professor of Anthropology at Pennsylvania State University
The Last Question [238]

 

When will race disappear?

 

   

[239]
Matthew O. Jackson [239]
Professor of Economics, Stanford University, Santa Fe Institute, CIFAR
The Last Question [240]

 

Will humanity end up with one culture?

 

   

[241]
Jennifer Jacquet [241]
Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies, NYU; Author, Is Shame Necessary?
The Last Question [242]

 

What systems could be put in place to prevent widespread denial of science-based knowledge?

 

   

[243]
Dale W Jamieson [243]
Professor of Environmental Studies and Philosophy, NYU
The Last Question [244]

 

Will the "hard problem" of consciousness dissolve (rather than be solved) as we learn more about the natural world?

 

   

[245]
Koo Jeong - A [245]
Artist
The Last Question [246]

 

i = we ?

 

   

[247]
Lorraine Justice [247]
Dean Emerita, Professor of Industrial Design, Rochester Institute of Technology
The Last Question [248]

 

What might the last fully biological human's statement be at their last supper?

 

   

[249]
Gordon Kane [249]
Theoretical Particle Physicist and Cosmologist; Victor Weisskopf Distinguished University Professor, University of Michigan; Author, Supersymmetry and Beyond
The Last Question [250]

 

Are the laws of physics unique and inevitable?

 

   

[251]
Stuart A. Kauffman [251]
Professor of Biological Sciences, Physics, Astronomy, University of Calgary; Author, Reinventing the Sacred
The Last Question [252]

 

What is consciousness?

 

   

[253]
Brian G. Keating [253]
Atrophysicist, University of California San Diego’s Department of Physics; Author, Losing the Nobel Prize
The Last Question [254]

 

Is there any observational evidence that could shake your faith, or lack thereof?

 

   

[255]
Paul Kedrosky [255]
Editor, Infectious Greed; General Partner, SK Ventures
The Last Question [256]

 

Why don't naked mole rats age or get cancer?

 

   

[257]
Kevin Kelly [257]
Senior Maverick, Wired; Author, What Technology Wants and The Inevitable
The Last Question [258]

 

How can the process of science be improved?

 

   

[259]
Marcel Kinsbourne [259]
Neurologist and Cognitive Neuroscientist, The New School; Co-author, Children's Learning and Attention Problems
The Last Question [260]

 

Are dreams brief glimpses of the narrative of a subconscious alternative reality?

 

   

[261]
Gary Klein [261]
Senior Scientist, MacroCognition LLC; Author, Seeing What Others Don't: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights
The Last Question [262]

 

How can we build machines that make us smarter?

 

   

[263]
Jon Kleinberg [263]
Tisch University Professor of Computer Science, Cornell University
The Last Question [264]

 

Can we create technologies that help equitably reduce the amount of conflict in the world?

 

   

[265]
Brian Knutson [265]
Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience; Stanford University
The Last Question [266]

 

How can we achieve closed-loop neural control of human hedonics?

 

   

[267]
Bart Kosko [267]
Information Scientist and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Law, University of Southern California; Author, Noise, Fuzzy Thinking
The Last Question [268]

 

What is the bumpiest and highest-dimensional cost surface that our best computers will be able to search and still find the deepest cost well?

 

   

[269]
Stephen M. Kosslyn [269]
Founding Dean, Minerva Schools at the Keck Graduate Institute
The Last Question [270]

 

Can brain implants make us better human beings?

 

   

[271]
John W. Krakauer [271]
Neurologist and Neuroscientist, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
The Last Question [272]

 

Is our continued coexistence with the other big mammals essential to furthering our understanding of human cognition?

 

   

[273]
Kai Krause [273]
Software Pioneer; Philosopher; Author, A Realtime Literature Explorer
The Last Question [274]

 

What will happen to religion on earth when the first alien life form is found?​

 

   

[275]
Lawrence M. Krauss [275]
Theoretical Physicist; Foundation Professor, School of Earth and Space Exploration and Physics Department, ASU; Author, The Greatest Story Ever Told . . . So Far
The Last Question [276]

 

Is the universe like an onion that will require science to keep peeling back new layers of reality and asking questions forever?

 

   

[277]
Andrian Kreye [277]
Editor, The Feuilleton (Arts and Essays), of the German Daily Newspaper, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Munich
The Last Question [278]

 

Do we need checks and balances for virtual worlds?

 

   

[279]
Coco Krumme [279]
Applied Mathematician, UC Berkeley; Founder, Leeward Co.
The Last Question [280]

 

Why do we care so much about how well we're approximated by algorithms?

 

   

[281]
Robert Kurzban [281]
Psychologist, UPenn; Director, Penn Laboratory for Experimental Evolutionary Psychology (PLEEP); Author, Why Everyone (Else) is a Hypocrite
The Last Question [282]

 

How will predictive models in the social sciences achieve the accuracy and precision of those in the natural sciences?

 

   

[283]
Joseph LeDoux [283]
Professor of Neural Science, Psychology, Psychiatry, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU; Director Emotional Brain Institute; Author, Anxious
The Last Question [284]

 

Has consciousness done more good or bad for humanity?

 

   

[285]
Cristine H. Legare [285]
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin; Director, Cognition, Culture, and Development Lab
The Last Question [286]

 

Will human psychology keep pace with the exponential growth of technological innovation associated with cultural evolution?

 

   

[287]
Martin Lercher [287]
Professor of Computational Cell Biology at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf; Co-author (with Itai Yanai), The Society of Genes
The Last Question [288]

 

What proportion of "ethnic" and "religious" tensions are rooted in our genes?

 

   

[289]
Margaret Levi [289]
Sara Miller McCune Director, Center For Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, professor, Stanford University; Jere L. Bacharach Professor Emerita of International Studies, University of Washington
The Last Question [290]

 

Are humans capable of building a moral economy?

 

   

[291]
Janna Levin [291]
Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College of Columbia University; Author, Black Hole Blues and Other Songs from Outer Space; Director of Sciences, Pioneer Works
The Last Question [292]

 

Is gravity a fundamental law of nature, or does gravity—and thereby spacetime—emerge as a consequence of the underlying quantum nature of reality?

 

   

[293]
Andrei Linde [293]
Theoretical Physicist, Stanford; Father of Eternal Chaotic Inflation; Inaugural Recipient, Fundamental Physics Prize
The Last Question [294]

 

Where were the laws of physics written before the universe was born?

 

   

[295]
Tania Lombrozo [295]
Professor of Psychology, UC Berkeley
The Last Question [296]

 

How will advances in mental prosthetics that connect us with other human and machine minds change the way we think about expertise?

 

   

[297]
Antony Garrett Lisi [297]
Theoretical physicist
The Last Question [298]

 

What is the fundamental geometric structure underlying reality?

 

   

[299]
Mario Livio [299]
Astrophysicist; Author, Why?: What Makes Us Curious
The Last Question [300]

 

Will it ever be possible to download the information stored in the human brain?

 

   

[301]
Seth Lloyd [301]
Professor of Quantum Mechanical Engineering, MIT; Author, Programming the Universe
The Last Question [302]

 

How did our complex universe arise out of simple physical laws?

 

   

[303]
Jonathan B. Losos [303]
Monique and Philip Lehner Professor for the Study of Latin America, Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Curator in Herpetology, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Author, Improbable Destinies
The Last Question [304]

 

How will evolution shape the biological world one hundred years from now, or one hundred thousand?

 

   

[305]
Greg Lynn [305]
Owner, Greg Lynn FORM office; Ordentlicher University Professor of Architecture, University of Applied Arts Vienna; Studio Professor, UCLA School of Arts and Architecture
The Last Question [306]

 

Can we train machines to design and construct a humane and vibrant built environment for us?

 

   

[307]
Ziyad Marar [307]
President of Global Publishing, SAGE; Author, Judged: The Value of Being Misunderstood
The Last Question [308]

 

How will people focus more on forming the right question, before rushing headlong towards the answer?

 

   

[309]
Gary Marcus [309]
Professor of Psychology, Director NYU Center for Language and Music; Author, Guitar Zero
The Last Question [310]

 

Why are humans still so much more flexible in their thinking and everyday reasoning than machines?

 

   

[311]
John Markoff [311]
Pulitzer Prize-winning Reporter, The New York Times; Author, Machines of Loving Grace
The Last Question [312]

 

How will the world be changed when battery storage technology improves at the same exponential rate seen in computer chips in recent decades?

 

   

[313]
Chiara Marletto [313]
Junior Research Fellow at Wolfson College and Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Materials Department, University of Oxford; Currently working with David Deutsch
The Last Question [314]

 

Is the number of interesting questions finite or not?

 

   

[315]
Abigail Marsh [315]
Associate Professor of Psychology, Georgetown University
The Last Question [316]

 

When in the evolution of animal life did the capacity to experience love for another being first emerge?

 

   

[317]
Barnaby Marsh [317]
Evolutionary dynamics scholar; Program in Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University; Visitor, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
The Last Question [318]

 

How much of what we call "reality" is ultimately grounded and instantiated in convincing communication and storytelling?

 

   

[319]
John C. Mather [319]
Nobel Prize in Physics Laureate; Senior Astrophysicist, Observational Cosmology Laboratory, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
The Last Question [320]

 

What is the master principle governing the growth and evolution of complex systems?

 

   

[321]
Tim Maudlin [321]
Professor of Philosophy, NYU
The Last Question [322]

 

Why are people so seldom persuaded by clear evidence and rational argument?

 

   

[323]
Annalena McAfee [323]
Journalist; Founding Editor of The Guardian's literary supplement, the Guardian Review; Author, Hame
The Last Question [324]

 

Is love really all you need?

 

   

[325]
Michael McCullough [325]
Professor of Psychology, Director, Evolution and Human Behavior Laboratory, University of Miami; Author, Beyond Revenge.
The Last Question [326]

 

Are humans ever really capable of regarding others as ends in themselves?

 

   

[327]
Ian McEwan [327]
Novelist; Recipient, the Man Booker Prize for Fiction; Author, Sweet Tooth; Solar; On Chesil Beach; Nutshell; Machines Like Me
The Last Question [328]

 

If the sum of all significant knowledge is finite, what proportion of it can humans, aided by intelligent machines, eventually attain?

 

   

[329]
Ryan McKay [329]
Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of London
The Last Question [330]

 

Will we be one of the last generations in human history that dies?

 

   

[331]
Hugo Mercier [331]
Cognitive Scientist, French National Center for Scientific Research; Co-author (with Dan Sperber) of The Enigma of Reason
The Last Question [332]

 

Can major historical events, from the advent of moral religions to the industrial revolution, be explained by changes in life history strategies?

 

   

[333]
Thomas Metzinger [333]
Professor of Theoretical Philosophy, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Adjunct Fellow, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Study; Author, The Ego Tunnel
The Last Question [334]

 

What is the most intelligent and efficient way to minimize the overall amount of conscious suffering in the universe?

 

   

[335]
Yuri Milner [335]
Physicist; Entrepreneur & Venture Capitalist; Science Philanthropist
The Last Question [336]

 

If we discover another intelligent civilization, what should we ask them?

 

   

[337]
Read Montague [337]
Neuroscientist; Director, Human Neuroimaging Lab and Computational Psychiatry Unit, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute; Author, Why Choose This Book?: How We Make Decisions
The Last Question [338]

 

Are feelings computable?

 

   

[339]
Dave Morin [339]
Internet Entrepreneur; Angel Investor
The Last Question [340]

 

Is the brain a computer or an antenna?

 

   

[341]
Lisa Mosconi [341]
Director, Women's Brain Initiative; Associate Director, Alzhiemer's Prevention Clinic, Weill Cornell Medical College; Author, Brain Food
The Last Question [342]

 

Is there an evolutionary advantage to building societies that favor entertaining over understanding?

 

   

[343]
David G. Myers [343]
Professor of Psychology, Hope College; Co-author, Psychology, 11th Edition
The Last Question [344]

 

Does religious engagement promote or impede morality, altruism, and human flourishing?

 

   

[345]
Priyamvada Natarajan [345]
Professor in Departments of Astronomy and Physics at Yale University, focusing on exotica in the universe—dark matter, dark energy, and black holes; Author, Mapping the Heavens
The Last Question [346]

 

Are there limits to what we can know about the universe?

 

   

[347]
John Naughton [347]
Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Cambridge; Director, Wolfson College Press Fellowship Programme; Columnist, the Observer; Author, From Gutenberg to Zuckerberg
The Last Question [348]

 

Why do humans who possess or acquire unaccountable power over others invariably abuse it?

 

   

[349]
Randolph Nesse [349]
Professor of Life Sciences, Director, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University; Co-author (with George C. Williams), Why We Get Sick
The Last Question [350]

 

In what situations does the capacity for low mood give a selective advantage?

 

   

[351]
Richard Nisbett [351]
Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished University Professor of Psychology, University of Michigan; Author, Mindware
The Last Question [352]

 

What does the conscious mind do that is impossible for the unconscious mind?

 

   

[353]
Tor Nørretranders [353]
Writer; Speaker; Thinker, Copenhagen, Denmark
The Last Question [354]

 

What is the flow of information through human beings?

 

   

[355]
Michael I. Norton [355]
Harold M. Brierley Professor of Business Administration, Director of Research, Harvard Business School; Co-author (with Elizabeth Dunn), Happy Money
The Last Question [356]

 

Why do humans behave as though what can be known is finite?

 

   

[357]
Martin Nowak [357]
Professor of Biology and Mathematics, Harvard University; Co-author, SuperCooperators
The Last Question [358]

 

What is the purpose of it?

 

   

[359]
James J. O'Donnell [359]
Classics Scholar, University Librarian, ASU; Author, Pagans
The Last Question [360]

 

When will "human being" cease to be a meaningful category to speak of?

 

   

[361]
Tim O'Reilly [361]
Founder and CEO, O'Reilly Media, Inc.; Author, WTF?: What’s the Future and Why It’s Up to Us
The Last Question [362]

 

How can AI and other digital technologies help us create global institutions that we can trust?

 

   

[363]
Hans Ulrich Obrist [363]
Curator, Serpentine Gallery, London; Editor: A Brief History of Curating; Formulas for Now; Co-author (with Rem Koolhas), Project Japan: Metabolism Talks
The Last Question [364]

 

Does the future belong to non-human entities?

 

   

[365]
Steve Omohundro [365]
Scientist, Self-Aware Systems; Co-founder, Center for Complex Systems Research
The Last Question [366]

 

How did our sense of mathematical beauty arise?

 

   

[367]
Toby Ord [367]
Philosopher, Oxford University; Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute
The Last Question [368]

 

What can humanity do right now that will make the biggest difference over the next billion years?

 

   

[369]
Gloria Origgi [369]
Philosopher and Researcher, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris; Author, Reputation: What it is and Why it Matters
The Last Question [370]

 

Why do even the most educated people today feel that their grip on what they can truly know is weaker than ever before?

 

   

[371]
Mark Pagel [371]
Professor of Evolutionary Biology, Reading University, UK; Fellow, Royal Society; Author, Wired for Culture
The Last Question [372]

 

Is a single world language and culture inevitable?

 

   

[373]
Elaine Pagels [373]
Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University; Author, Why Religion?
The Last Question [374]

 

Why is religion still around in the twenty-first century?

 

   

[375]
Bruce Parker [375]
Visiting Professor, Stevens Institute of Technology; Author, The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters
The Last Question [376]

 

Is the assertion "Nothingness is impossible" the most fundamental statement we can make about our existence?

 

   

[377]
Josef Penninger [377]
Director, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna; Genetics Professor, University of Vienna
The Last Question [378]

 

Can we engineer a human being?

 

   

[379]
Irene Pepperberg [379]
Research Associate & Lecturer, Harvard; Adjunct Associate Professor, Brandeis; Author, Alex & Me
The Last Question [380]

 

What is the most important thing that can be done to restore the general public’s faith and trust in science?

 

   

[381]
Clifford Pickover [381]
Author, The Math Book, The Physics Book, and The Medical Book trilogy
The Last Question [382]

 

Will humans ever prove the Riemann Hypothesis in mathematics?

 

   

[383]
Steven Pinker [383]
Johnstone Family Professor, Department of Psychology; Harvard University; Author, Enlightenment Now
The Last Question [384]

 

How can we empower the better angels of our nature?

 

   

[385]
David Pizarro [385]
Associate Professor of Psychology, Cornell University
The Last Question [386]

 

Are we smart enough to know when we’ve reached the limits of our ability to understand the universe?

 

   

[387]
Robert Plomin [387]
Professor of Behavioral Genetics, King's College London; Author, Blueprint
The Last Question [388]

 

How far will we go in predicting human behavior from DNA?

 

   

[389]
Jordan Pollack [389]
Professor and Chairman of Computer Science, Brandeis University
The Last Question [390]

 

Will blockchain return us to the golden age of ownership of information licenses that can be resold like books and records?

 

   

[391]
Alex Poots [391]
Artistic Director and CEO, The Shed
The Last Question [392]

 

Will artistic invention enlighten the age of AI?

 

   

[393]
Carolyn Porco [393]
Planetary Scientist; Cassini Imaging Team Leader; Director, CICLOPS, Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado
The Last Question [394]

 

What will it take for us to be fully confident that we have found life elsewhere in the cosmos?

 

   

[395]
William Poundstone [395]
Journalist; Author, The Doomsday Calculation; Nominated twice for the Pulitzer Prize
The Last Question [396]

 

Does the infinite multiverse of cosmologists, in which all that is physically possible occurs, contain realizations of our unruly paradoxes of infinity (Hilbert’s Hotel, Thomson Lamp, 1+2+3+4… = -1/12; etc.)?

 

   

[397]
William H. Press [397]
Warren J. and Viola M. Raymer Chair in Computer Sciences and Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
The Last Question [398]

 

What quirk of evolution caused us to develop the ability to do pure mathematics?

 

   

[399]
Robert Provine [399]
Research Professor/Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Author, Curious Behavior: Yawning, Laughing, Hiccupping, and Beyond
The Last Question [400]

 

Can a single underlying process explain the emergence of structure at the physical, biological, cognitive, and machine levels?

 

   

[401]
Matthew Putman [401]
Applied Physicist; Chairman of the Board, Pioneer Works; CEO, Nanotronics
The Last Question [402]

 

Will questioning be replaced by answering without questions?

 

   

[403]
David C. Queller [403]
Evolutionary Biologist, Washington University in St. Louis
The Last Question [404]

 

Must we suffer and die?

 

   

[405]
Paul J. Steinhardt [405]
Albert Einstein Professor in Science, Departments of Physics and Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University; Coauthor, Endless Universe
The Last Question [406]

 

Will the universe observed today someday begin to contract, bounce, and be reborn?

 

   

[407]
Vilayanur Ramachandran [407]
Neuroscientist; Professor & Director, Center for Brain and Cognition, UC, San Diego; Author, The Tell-Tale Brain
The Last Question [408]

 

Why should we prize the original object over a perfect replica?

 

   

[409]
Gianluigi Ricuperati [409]
Writer; Essayist; Curator
The Last Question [410]

 

Is the botscape going to force us to give up the use of the first-person singular nominative case personal pronoun, I?

 

   

[411]
Eric R. Weinstein [411]
Mathematician and Economist; Managing Director of Thiel Capital
The Last Question [412]

 

Does something unprecedented happen when we finally learn our own source code?

 

   

[413]
Linda Wilbrecht [413]
Associate Professor, UC Berkeley Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute
The Last Question [414]

 

How can we sculpt how individual brains develop to avert mental illness?

 

   

[415]
Itai Yanai [415]
Director, Institute for Computational Medicine; Professor, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine; Co-author (with Martin Lercher), The Society of Genes
The Last Question [416]

 

How can we rebel against our genes if we are biological creatures without free will?

 

   

[417]
Bret Weinstein [417]
Theoretical Evolutionary Biologist
The Last Question [418]

 

Can humans set a non-evolutionary course that is game-theoretically stable?

 

   

[419]
Dustin Yellin [419]
Artist; Founder, Pioneer Works
The Last Question [420]

 

Will the frontiers of consciousness be technological or linguistic?

 

   

[421]
Stephen J. Stich [421]
Board of Governors Professor, Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University
The Last Question [422]

 

Why did we acquire our extraordinary human capacity for social learning?

 

   

[423]
Paul Saffo [423]
Technology Forecaster; Consulting Associate Professor, Stanford University
The Last Question [424]

 

Will we ever be able to predict earthquakes?

 

   

[425]
Gino Segre [425]
Professor of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania; Author, The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age
The Last Question [426]

 

Can the human brain ever fully understand quantum mechanics?

 

   

[427]
Nina Stegeman [427]
Associate Editor, EDGE
The Last Question [428]

 

What would the ability to synthesize creativity do to cultural evolution?

 

   

[429]
Elizabeth Wrigley-Field [429]
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Faculty Member, Minnesota Population Center
The Last Question [430]

 

How do our microbes contribute to that particular combination of continuity and change that makes us human?

 

   

[431]
Scott Sampson [431]
President & CEO, Science World British Columbia; Dinosaur paleontologist and science communicator; Author, How To Raise A Wild Child
The Last Question [432]

 

How do ideas about biological evolution change once one species has control over the origin and extinction of all other species?

 

   

[433]
Olivier Sibony [433]
Associate Fellow, Saïd Business School; Affiliate Professor, HEC Paris; Guest Lecturer, London Business School
The Last Question [434]

 

Will we ever find an organization form that brings out the best in people?

 

   

[435]
Charles Seife [435]
Professor of Journalism, New York University; Former Journalist, Science Magazine; Author, Virtual Unreality
The Last Question [436]

 

How can we reap the benefits of the wide and open exchange of data without undermining the values that depend upon the scarcity of information?

 

   

[437]
Jason Wilkes [437]
Graduate student in Psychology, UC Santa Barbara; Author, Burn Math Class
The Last Question [438]

 

Why are the errors that our best machine-learning algorithms make so different from the errors we humans make?

 

   

[439]
S. Abbas Raza [439]
Founding Editor, 3QuarksDaily.com
The Last Question [440]

 

Why is sleep so necessary?

 

   

[441]
Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran [441]
Philosopher; Director, Scientific Vortex, Inc.
The Last Question [442]

 

Why do some people act inside the law, others outside, and others create the law?

 

   

[443]
Seirian Sumner [443]
Reader, Behavioral Ecology, University College London
The Last Question [444]

 

Will our AI future forms need the natural world?

 

   

[445]
Karl Sabbagh [445]
Producer; Founder, Managing Director, Skyscraper Productions; Author, The Antisemitism Wars: How the British Media Failed Their Public
The Last Question [446]

 

How will humanity change in light of the increasing use of non-sexual methods of reproduction?

 

   

[447]
Dimitar D. Sasselov [447]
Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University; Director, Harvard Origins of Life Initiative; Author, The Life of Super-Earths
The Last Question [448]

 

What is the cosmic perspective to the future of life?

 

   

[449]
Timothy Taylor [449]
Professor of the Prehistory of Humanity, University of Vienna; Author, The Artificial Ape
The Last Question [450]

 

Why is Homo sapiens the sole non-extinct species of hominin?

 

   

[451]
Jaan Tallinn [451]
Co-Founder, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, Future of Life Institute; Founding Engineer, Skype, Kazaa
The Last Question [452]

 

Will the behavior of a superintelligent AI be mostly determined by the results of its reasoning about the other superintelligent AIs?

 

   

[453]
Eric Topol [453]
Professor of Genomics, The Scripps Translational Science Institute; Author, The Patient Will See You Now
The Last Question [454]

 

Can behavioral science crack the ultimate challenge of getting people to durably adopt much healthier lifestyles?

 

   

[455]
Jennifer Richeson [455]
Professor of Psychology, Yale University
The Last Question [456]

 

What does justice feel like?

 

   

[457]
Thalia Wheatley [457]
Associate Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College
The Last Question [458]

 

How will the advent of direct brain-to-brain communication change the way we think?

 

   

[459]
Victoria Stodden [459]
Associate Professor of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The Last Question [460]

 

How do I know the right level of abstraction at which to explain a phenomenon?

 

   

[461]
Phil Rosenzweig [461]
Professor of Strategy and International Business at IMD, Lausanne, Switzerland; Author, Left Brain, Right Stuff
The Last Question [462]

 

How can aims of individual liberty and economic efficiency be reconciled with aims of social justice and environmental sustainability?

 

   

[463]
Siobhan Roberts [463]
Director’s Visitor, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton; Author, Genius at Play and King of Infinite Space
The Last Question [464]

 

Can a user-friendly computer proof assistant satisfy the mathematician’s desire for certainty without killing the pleasure?

 

   

[465]
Max Tegmark [465]
Physicist, MIT; Researcher, Precision Cosmology; Scientific Director, Foundational Questions Institute; President, Future of Life Institute; Author, Life 3.0
The Last Question [466]

 

What will be the literally last question that will preoccupy future superintelligent cosmic life for as long as the laws of physics permit?

 

   

[467]
Eliezer S. Yudkowsky [467]
Research Fellow; Co-founder, Machine Intelligence Research Institute
The Last Question [468]

 

What is the fastest way to reliably align a powerful AGI around the safe performance of some limited task that is potent enough to save the world from unaligned AGI?

 

   

[469]
Adam Waytz [469]
Psychologist; Associate Professor of Management and Organizations, Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University; Author, The Power of Human
The Last Question [470]

 

Are moral beliefs more like facts or more like preferences?

 

   

[471]
Dan Sperber [471]
Social and Cognitive Scientist; CEU Budapest and CNRS Paris; Co-author (with Deirdre Wilson), Meaning and Relevance; and (with Hugo Mercier), The Enigma of Reason
The Last Question [472]

 

Does romantic love have a biological function?

 

   

[473]
Monica L. Smith [473]
Professor of Anthropology, UCLA; Author, Cities
The Last Question [474]

 

Why is human communication embedded in the silence of material objects?

 

   

[475]
René Scheu [475]
Editor-in-chief, Feuilleton of Neue Zürcher Zeitung
The Last Question [476]

 

Is a human brain capable of understanding a human brain?

 

   

[477]
Lee Smolin [477]
Physicist, Perimeter Institute; Author, Time Reborn
The Last Question [478]

 

Why is the acceleration of the expansion of the universe roughly equal to a typical acceleration of a star in a circular orbit in a disk galaxy?

 

   

[479]
Victoria Wyatt [479]
Associate Professor of History in Art, University of Victoria
The Last Question [480]

 

How do contemporary developments in technology affect human cultural diversity?

 

   

[481]
Anton Zeilinger [481]
Physicist, University of Vienna; Scientific Director, Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information; President, Austrian Academy of Sciences; Author, Dance of the Photons: From Einstein to Quantum Teleportation
The Last Question [482]

 

Will the individual quantum event forever remain random?

 

   

[483]
Tim White [483]
Paleoanthropologist; Professor of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
The Last Question [484]

 

How much would surrendering our god(s) strengthen the odds of our survival?

 

   

[485]
Syed Tasnim Raza [485]
Medical Director, Cardiac Surgery Step-Down Unit at Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital
The Last Question [486]

 

Will it be possible to do surgical operations in the future without making incisions?

 

   

[487]
Albert Wenger [487]
Managing Partner, Union Square Ventures
The Last Question [488]

 

How do we create and maintain backup options for humanity to quickly rebuild an advanced civilization after a catastrophic human extinction event?

 

   

[489]
Milford H. Wolpoff [489]
Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan; Adjunct Associate Research Scientist, Museum of Anthropology
The Last Question [490]

 

Can the pace of human evolution stop accelerating?

 

   

[491]
Buddhini Samarasinghe [491]
Molecular Biologist
The Last Question [492]

 

Can technology tame evolution?

 

   

[493]
Michael Vassar [493]
Co-founder and Chief Science Officer, MetaMed Research
The Last Question [494]

 

How can coalitions of scholars who wish to update the content of explicit common knowledge in order to use that knowledge collaboratively detect and circumvent coalitions which are applying narrative control strategies to preserve arbitrage opportunities implicit in disparities between official narratives and reality?

 

   

[495]
Maria Spiropulu [495]
Shang-Yi Ch’en Professor of Physics, California Institute of Technology; Founder, AQT/INQNET
The Last Question [496]

 

Could superintelligence be the purpose of the universe?

 

   

[497]
Roger Schank [497]
CEO, Socratic Arts Inc.; John Evans Professor Emeritus of Computer Science, Psychology and Education, Northwestern University; Author, Make School Meaningful-And Fun!
The Last Question [498]

 

Why is it so difficult to influence people’s belief systems for deeply held beliefs and so easy to manipulate belief systems when little is known about the subject?

 

   

[499]
Maximilian Schich [499]
Associate Professor in Arts and Technology, The University of Texas at Dallas
The Last Question [500]

 

What are the beautiful curiosities that artificial curiosities can't comprehend?

 

   

[501]
Richard Saul Wurman [501]
Founder, TED Conference; EG Conference; TEDMED Conferences; Architect, Cartographer; Author, Information Architects
The Last Question [502]

 

Clarify the differences between understanding, knowledge and wisdom that could be communicated to a literate twelve-year-old and recommunicated to their parents.

 

   

[503]
Diana Reiss [503]
Professor, Department of Psychology Hunter College; Author, The Dolphin in the Mirror
The Last Question [504]

 

How smart does another animal have to be for us to decide not to eat it?

 

   

[505]
Simone Schnall [505]
Director, Cambridge Embodied Cognition and Emotion Laboratory; Reader in Experimental Social Psychology and Fellow of Jesus College, University of Cambridge
The Last Question [506]

 

Is immortality desirable?

 

   

[507]
Athena Vouloumanos [507]
Associate Professor of Psychology, Director, NYU Infant Cognition and Communication Lab, New York University
The Last Question [508]

 

Will we ever understand how human communication is built from genes to cells to circuits to behavior?

 

   

[509]
Matthew Ritchie [509]
Artist
The Last Question [510]

 

When will we develop a robust theory of Ontological Intelligence (OI)?

 

   

[511]
Andrés Roemer [511]
Co-creator, Ideas City; Author, Move UP: Why Some Cultures Advance While Others Don't
The Last Question [512]

 

Can you prove it?

 

   

[513]
Richard Wrangham [513]
Ruth Moore Professor of Biological Anthropology, Curator of Primate Behavioral Biology at Harvard University; Author, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
The Last Question [514]

 

In which century or millennium can all humanity be expected to speak the same primary language?

 

   

[515]
Terrence J. Sejnowski [515]
Computational Neuroscientist; Francis Crick Professor, the Salk Institute; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Co-author (with Patricia Churchland), The Computational Brain
The Last Question [516]

 

How diverse is life in the universe?

 

   

[517]
Peter Schwartz [517]
Futurist; Senior Vice President for Global Government Relations and Strategic Planning, Salesforce.com; Author, Inevitable Surprises
The Last Question [518]

 

Is the universe relatively simple and comprehensible by the human brain, or is it so complex, higher dimensional and multiversal that it remains forever elusive to humans?

 

   

[519]
Ed Regis [519]
Science writer; Author, Monsters
The Last Question [520]

 

Why are reason, science, and evidence so impotent against superstition, religion, and dogma?

 

   

[521]
Sheizaf Rafaeli [521]
Professor, Director, The Center for Internet Research, University of Haifa, Israel
The Last Question [522]

 

Will weaving networks that blend humans and machines yield network effects?

 

   

[523]
Christopher Stringer [523]
Paleoanthropologist; Author, Lone Survivors
The Last Question [524]

 

Can we ever wean humans off their addiction to religion?

 

   

[525]
Sherry Turkle [525]
Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Professor of the Social Studies of Science and Technology, MIT; Internet Culture Researcher; Author, Reclaiming Conversation
The Last Question [526]

 

What will time with artifacts that simulate the emotional experience of being with another person do to our human capacity to handle the surely rougher, more frictional, and demanding human intimacies on offer?

 

   

[527]
Barbara Tversky [527]
Professor Emerita of Psychology, Stanford University; Professor of Psychology and Education, Columbia Teachers College; Author, Mind in Motion: How Action Shapes Thought
The Last Question [528]

 

How do the limits of the mind limit our understanding?

 

   
The Last Question [529]

 

How does the past give rise to the future?

 

   

[530]
Dan Zahavi [530]
Professor of Philosophy; Director, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen; Author, Self and Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and Shame
The Last Question [531]

 

What is the world without the mind?

 

   

[532]
Bruce Sterling [532]
Science Fiction Author, Mirrorshades
The Last Question [533]

 

Do the laws of physics change with the passage of time?

 

   

[534]
Laurence C. Smith [534]
Professor and Chair of Geography; Professor of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences at UCLA; Author, The World in 2050
The Last Question [535]

 

Is civilization's demand for water a dividing or unifying force?

 

   

[536]
Douglas Rushkoff [536]
Media Analyst; Documentary Writer; Author, Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus
The Last Question [537]

 

Was agriculture a wrong turn for civilization?

 

   

[538]
Alexander Wissner-Gross [538]
Scientist; Inventor; Entrepreneur; Investor
The Last Question [539]

 

Can general-purpose computers be constructed out of pure gravity?

 

   

[540]
Evan Williams [540]
CEO, Medium
The Last Question [541]

 

What will be obvious to us in a generation that we have an inkling of today?

 

   

[542]
D.A. Wallach [542]
Recording Artist; Songwriter; Artist in Residence, Spotify
The Last Question [543]

 

Are there any phenomena for which it will never be possible to develop parsimonious theories?

 

   

[544]
Frank Tipler [544]
Professor of Mathematical Physics, Tulane University; Author, The Physics of Christianity
The Last Question [545]

 

Can rational beings such as Bayesian robots, humans, super-intelligent AIs ever reach agreement?

 

   

[546]
Bruce Schneier [546]
Fellow and Lecturer, Harvard Kennedy School; Author, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World
The Last Question [547]

 

Can an increasingly powerful species survive (and overcome) the actions of its most extreme individuals?

 

   

[548]
Todd C. Sacktor [548]
Distinguished Professor of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
The Last Question [549]

 

Will there ever be a mechanistic scientific question that can be asked about the lone individuality of mental life, with its particular beginning, middle, and end?

 

   

[550]
J. Craig Venter [550]
A leading scientist of the 21st century for Genomic Sciences; Co-Founder, Chairman, Synthetic Genomics, Inc.; Founder, J. Craig Venter Institute; Author, A Life Decoded
The Last Question [551]

 

Will the creation of a super-human class from a combination of genome editing and direct biological-machine interfaces lead to the collapse of civilization?

 

   

[552]
Martin Rees [552]
Former President, The Royal Society; Emeritus Professor of Cosmology & Astrophysics, University of Cambridge; Fellow, Trinity College; Author, From Here to Infinity
The Last Question [553]

 

Will post-humans be organic or electronic?

 

   

[554]
Laurie R. Santos [554]
Professor of Psychology, Director, Comparative Cognition Laboratory and the Canine Cognition Center, Yale University
The Last Question [555]

 

What cognitive capacities make humans so damn weird relative to all the other animals on the planet?

 

   

[556]
Leonard Susskind [556]
Felix Bloch Professor in Theoretical Physics, Stanford; Author, The Theoretical Minimum series
The Last Question [557]

 

Is there a design to the laws of physics, or are they the result of chance and the laws of large numbers?

 

   

[558]
Michael Shermer [558]
Publisher, Skeptic magazine; Monthly Columnist, Scientific American; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University; Author, Heavens on Earth
The Last Question [559]

 

Would you like to live 1,000 years?

 

   

[560]
Richard H. Thaler [560]
Father of Behavioral Economics; Recipient, 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science; Director, Center for Decision Research, University of Chicago Graduate School of Business; Author, Misbehaving
The Last Question [561]

 

How will we cope when we are capable of keeping humans alive longer than our optimal life expectancy?

 

   

[562]
Lisa Randall [562]
Physicist, Harvard University; Author, Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs
The Last Question [563]

 

How far can we extend beyond our human limitations to more fully grasp the nature of the world?

 

   

[564]
Geoffrey West [564]
Theoretical Physcicist; Shannan Distinguished Professor and Past President, Santa Fe Institute; Author, Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies
The Last Question [565]

 

How and when will it end or will it persist indefinitely?

 

   

[566]
Carlo Rovelli [566]
Theoretical Physicist; Aix-Marseille University, in the Centre de Physique Théorique, Marseille, France; Author, Reality Is Not What It Seems
The Last Question [567]

 

Is there an ultimate reality?

 

   

[568]
Frank Wilczek [568]
Physicist, MIT; Recipient, 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics; Author, A Beautiful Question
The Last Question [569]

 

Why?

 

   

[570]
Robert Sapolsky [570]
Neuroscientist, Stanford University; Author, Behave
The Last Question [571]

 

Given the nature of life, the purposeless indifference of the universe, and our complete lack of free will, how is it that most people avoid ever being clinically depressed?

 

   

Links:
[1] https://www.edge.org/annual-question/what-is-the-last-question
[2] https://www.edge.org/inthenews/what-is-the-last-question
[3] https://www.edge.org/contributors/what-is-the-last-question
[4] https://www.edge.org/responses/what-is-the-last-question
[5] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/scott_aaronson
[6] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27497
[7] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/anthony_aguirre
[8] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27649
[9] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/dorsa_amir
[10] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27605
[11] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/chris_anderson-0
[12] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27660
[13] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/ross_anderson
[14] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27695
[15] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/alun_anderson
[16] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27690
[17] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/samuel_arbesman
[18] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27567
[19] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/dan_ariely_1
[20] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27576
[21] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/noga_arikha
[22] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27625
[23] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/w_brian_arthur
[24] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27728
[25] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/scott_atran
[26] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27648
[27] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/joscha_bach
[28] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27687
[29] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/mahzarin_banaji
[30] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27505
[31] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/simon_baron_cohen
[32] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27707
[33] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/lisa_feldman_barrett
[34] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27647
[35] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/andrew_barron
[36] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27611
[37] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/thomas_a_bass
[38] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27640
[39] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/mary_catherine_bateson
[40] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27765
[41] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/gregory_benford
[42] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27718
[43] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/laura_betzig
[44] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27598
[45] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/susan_blackmore
[46] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27506
[47] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/alan_s_blinder
[48] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27481
[49] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/paul_bloom
[50] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27482
[51] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/giulio_boccaletti
[52] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27650
[53] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/ian_bogost
[54] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27688
[55] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/joshua_bongard
[56] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27670
[57] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/nick_bostrom
[58] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27507
[59] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/stewart_brand
[60] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27433
[61] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/rodney_a_brooks
[62] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27634
[63] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_m_buss
[64] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27664
[65] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/philip_campbell
[66] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27455
[67] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/jimena_canales
[68] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27699
[69] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/christopher_chabris
[70] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27508
[71] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_chalmers
[72] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27456
[73] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/leo_m_chalupa
[74] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27554
[75] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/ashvin_chhabra
[76] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27542
[77] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/jaeweon_cho
[78] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27685
[79] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/nicholas_a_christakis
[80] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27722
[81] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/brian_christian
[82] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27693
[83] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_christian
[84] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27431
[85] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/george_church
[86] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27457
[87] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/andy_clark
[88] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27509
[89] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/julia_clarke
[90] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27545
[91] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/tyler_cowen
[92] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27724
[93] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/jerry_a_coyne
[94] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27541
[95] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/james_croak
[96] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27510
[97] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/molly_crockett
[98] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27680
[99] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/helena_cronin
[100] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27663
[101] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/oliver_scott_curry
[102] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27764
[103] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_dalrymple
[104] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27659
[105] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/kate_darling
[106] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27511
[107] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/luca_de_biase
[108] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27440
[109] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/stanislas_dehaene
[110] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27629
[111] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/daniel_c_dennett
[112] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27449
[113] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/emanuel_derman
[114] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27551
[115] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_deutsch
[116] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27438
[117] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/keith_devlin
[118] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27547
[119] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/jared_diamond
[120] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27610
[121] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/chris_dibona
[122] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27627
[123] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/rolf_dobelli
[124] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27512
[125] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/p_murali_doraiswamy
[126] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27483
[127] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/freeman_dyson
[128] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27442
[129] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/george_dyson
[130] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27432
[131] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_m_eagleman
[132] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27556
[133] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_edelman
[134] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27717
[135] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/nick_enfield
[136] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27712
[137] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/brian_eno
[138] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27424
[139] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/juan_enriquez
[140] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27451
[141] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/dylan_evans
[142] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27513
[143] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/daniel_l_everett
[144] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27514
[145] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/christine_finn
[146] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27515
[147] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/stuart_firestein
[148] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27559
[149] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/helen_fisher
[150] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27550
[151] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/steve_fuller
[152] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27613
[153] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/howard_gardner
[154] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27458
[155] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_c_geary
[156] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27484
[157] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/james_geary
[158] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27676
[159] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/amanda_gefter
[160] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27463
[161] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/neil_gershenfeld
[162] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27453
[163] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/asif_a_ghazanfar
[164] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27516
[165] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/steve_giddings
[166] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27517
[167] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/gerd_gigerenzer
[168] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27619
[169] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/bruno_giussani
[170] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27572
[171] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/joel_gold
[172] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27668
[173] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/nigel_goldenfeld
[174] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27656
[175] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/rebecca_newberger_goldstein
[176] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27429
[177] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/daniel_goleman
[178] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27661
[179] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/alison_gopnik
[180] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27426
[181] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/john_gottman
[182] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27485
[183] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/jonathan_gottschall
[184] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27720
[185] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/william_grassie
[186] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27500
[187] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/kurt_gray
[188] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27672
[189] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/a_c_grayling
[190] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27641
[191] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/tom_griffiths
[192] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27711
[193] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/june_gruber
[194] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27628
[195] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/jonathan_haidt
[196] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27518
[197] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_haig
[198] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27465
[199] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/hans_halvorson
[200] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27673
[201] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/timo_hannay
[202] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27723
[203] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/judith_rich_harris
[204] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27588
[205] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/sam_harris
[206] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27519
[207] https://www.edge.org/memberbio/daniel_haun
[208] https://www.edge.org/response-detail/27734
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